U.S. Global Investors consistently suggests up to 10 percent gold in a portfolio allocation, so we also looked at returns for investors at that level. A 10 percent allocation to gold equities, with annual rebalancing, would have yielded on average 0.63 percent more than an exclusive S&P 500 portfolio.

In dollar terms, the $10,000 investment in the 90-10 portfolio would grow to $107,611 over the ensuing 25 years (assuming, the same average annual returns since 1971 and annual rebalancing), compared to $93,210 for the portfolio solely invested in the S&P 500.

More than two decades and many ups and downs have passed since Prof. Jaffe published his study, but our follow-on research shows that the relationship between gold, investor returns and volatility has remained pretty much the same.

Another bullish indicator for gold and gold stocks is that, for the first time in my 20 years at U.S. Global Investors, pension fund consultants and other gatekeepers for large institutional investors are advocating an exposure to gold.

These gatekeepers have influence over managers of many hundreds of billions of dollars in retirement funds, and they are advising a 5 percent to 8 percent allocation to gold, which is similar to the long-
term exposure suggested by U.S. Global.

Another thing that held gold stocks down was the number of gold equity financings. In early 2009 there were roughly 50 deals and more than $5 billion raised, and that put a short term cap on many of the established gold producers that that said that they were going to start buying the junior exploration companies.

The emergence of a new merger-and-acquisition cycle has been a key driver for the small exploration stocks, which have significantly outperformed the actual producers in 2009. The miners that can replenish their reserves while also controlling their costs to enhance profitability will see this reflected in their stock price.

Frank Holmes
for The Daily Reckoning Australia